In order to implement the Central Document No. 1 and the spirit of the relevant instructions of the central leadership, the Ministry of Agriculture has actively organized the soil testing and fertilization work to carry out the soil testing and fertilization work, and set off a new upsurge in soil testing and formula fertilization. In order to further standardize the soil testing and formula fertilization technology and strengthen the management of soil testing and formula fertilization, our center organized the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Henan, Jilin, Guangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Hubei and other provinces from April 19th to 27th. More than 10 experts from the soil and fertilizer station have studied the soil testing and formulating work. Experts generally believe that there are still some misunderstandings in the understanding and implementation of soil testing and fertilization in all parts of the country. It is necessary to guide, standardize and manage correctly, so that the development of soil testing and formulating can be truly promoted.
First, a correct understanding
The soil testing formula fertilization technology is based on soil test results, field trials, crop fertilizer requirements, agricultural production requirements, etc. Based on the rational application of organic fertilizer, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, medium elements, trace elements and other fertilizers is proposed. A scientific fertilization method that is formulated and applied at an appropriate time using a suitable method. Correct understanding of the soil testing formula fertilization technology link has a positive effect on promoting soil testing and formula fertilization. The soil testing formula fertilization technology includes five core links of “measuring soil, formula, fertilizer, supply and fertilization guidance†and nine key contents.
(1) Field trials. The field experiment is the fundamental way to obtain the best fertilization amount, fertilization period and fertilization method for various crops, and also the basic link for screening and verifying soil nutrient testing technology and establishing fertilization index system. Through field trials, master the optimal fertilization amount, base and topdressing distribution ratio, fertilization period and fertilization method for each cropping unit; find out the basic parameters such as soil nutrient correction coefficient, soil fertilization amount, crop fertilizer requirement and fertilizer utilization rate; Construct a crop fertilization model to provide a basis for fertilization zones and fertilizer formulations.
(2) Soil testing. Soil testing is one of the important basis for formulating fertilizer formula. With the continuous adjustment of China's planting industry structure, high-yield crop varieties continue to emerge, the structure and quantity of fertilization have undergone great changes, and the soil nutrient pool has also undergone significant changes. Through the soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, medium and trace element nutrient test, to understand the soil fertility capacity.
(3) Formulation design. The fertilizer formula is the core of soil testing and formulating. By summarizing field trials, soil nutrient data, etc., the division of fertilization zones in different regions is divided. At the same time, according to the similarities and differences of climate, landform, soil and farming system, combined with expert experience, the fertilization formulas of different crops are proposed.
(4) Calibration test. In order to ensure the accuracy of fertilizer formula and minimize the risk of batch production and large-area application of formula fertilizer, in each fertilization division unit, three treatments of formula fertilization, farmer customary fertilization and blank fertilization are set up to The main plant variety is the research object, compare the yield increase effect of formula fertilization, verify the fertilization parameters, verify and improve the fertilizer application formula, and improve the technical parameters of soil testing formula fertilization.
(5) Formulation processing. The implementation of the formula into the farmer's field is the most critical link to improve and popularize the soil testing and fertilization technology. At present, there are different modes in different regions. The most important and most promising mode of operation is market operation, factory processing, and network operation. This model adapts to the current situation of low quality of science and technology, small scale of land management, and separation of technology among rural farmers in China.
(6) Demonstration and promotion. In order to promote the soil testing and formula fertilization technology can be implemented in the field, it is necessary to solve the problem of market-based operation of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, and let the farmers see the actual effect. This is the bottle that limits the application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. path". Establish a demonstration area for soil testing and fertilization, create a window for farmers, set up a model, and comprehensively demonstrate the effect of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. Promote the "one bag of fertilizer" model, turn the soil testing formula fertilization technology into products, and break the "hard ice" of technology promotion "last mile".
(7) Publicity and training. Soil testing and formula fertilization technology publicity and training is an important means to improve farmers' awareness of scientific fertilization and popularize technology. Farmers are the end users of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. It is urgent to teach farmers the methods and models of scientific fertilization. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the systematic training of technicians at all levels, fertilizer production enterprises and fertilizer distributors, and gradually establish technical personnel and fertilizers. Business license system.
(8) Effect evaluation. Farmers are the ultimate implementers and implementers of soil testing and fertilization techniques, and are the ultimate beneficiaries. Inspect the actual effect of soil testing and formula fertilization, obtain feedback information from farmers in a timely manner, and constantly improve the management system, technical system and service system. At the same time, in order to scientifically evaluate the actual effect of soil testing and formula fertilization, it is necessary to conduct a dynamic survey of certain areas.
(9) Technology research and development. Technical research and development is a scientific and technological support to ensure the long-term effectiveness of soil testing and formula fertilization. Focus on research and development of field test methods, soil nutrient testing techniques, fertilizer preparation methods, data processing methods, etc., and continuously improve the level of soil testing and fertilization technology.
Second, soil testing formula fertilization misunderstanding
Various localities have taken active actions in various ways to carry out soil testing and formulation work, which plays an important role in raising the understanding of soil testing and formula fertilization at all levels of society. However, incorrect understanding and work will also negatively affect the fertilization of soil testing formula. influences. At present, there are mainly “three major misunderstandings†in soil testing and formula fertilization in China.
(1) Misunderstandings of understanding. Soil testing and formula fertilization is different from the general “project†or “engineeringâ€. It is a long-term and basic work. It is directly related to the steady increase of grain production, the steady increase of farmers' income, and the continuous improvement of the ecological environment. jobs. Soil testing and formulating fertilization work is not just a simple technical work. It is a system consisting of a series of theories, methods, techniques, and promotion models. Only the various sectors of society actively participate in each other. Yes, we can really promote the development of soil testing and formulating. The agricultural technology promotion system should be responsible for the core of soil testing, formula and fertilization guidance, and establish a technology promotion platform; the soil testing and fertilizer testing station, fertilizer production enterprises, fertilizer sellers, etc. should do a good job in formula fertilizer production and supply services, and establish a good production. And marketing mechanism; research and teaching units should focus on solving restrictive technologies or problems, and constantly improve and improve soil testing and formula fertilization technology.
(2) Misunderstandings in the relationship between soil testing and fertilizer field trials. Soil testing and formula fertilization is not just a result of laboratory analysis, but a simple process of “taking medicine†can be done by opening a “squareâ€. Fertilizer field trials for different crops are the most direct and effective way to understand the effects of fertilizer application, crop growth and nutrient uptake, and the basis for conducting soil testing and fertilization, and the primary basis for formulating crop fertilization programs and recommendations. It is the prerequisite for establishing a crop fertilization zone. Fertilizer field trials are also the only basis for researching, screening, and evaluating soil nutrient testing methods and establishing fertilization index systems for different testing methods. Therefore, field trials are the basis for soil testing and fertilization, and must be highly valued. In addition, soil testing is not to determine the nutrient content of each plot of each farmer, but to select some representative plots within a certain range, determine nutrient content, give crop fertilization schemes, and other similar plot reference representatives. It is impossible and unnecessary to determine the soil nutrients of each plot of each farmer.
(3) Misunderstandings in the rapid measurement of soil nutrients. The soil nutrient rapid tester mainly refers to a portable instrument that can be brought to the field to quickly test soil nutrients. It is a good tool to publicize soil testing and fertilization to farmers and improve farmers' awareness of soil fertility, but generally cannot be scientific. And accurately guide farmers to fertilize. First, the soil nutrient rapid tester is operated in the field, and the external environmental conditions are difficult to control. The accuracy and accuracy of the test results of soil nutrients are difficult to guarantee. Second, the soil nutrient test results are a relative value. It is necessary to have a matching fertilizer field plot test to establish a fertilization recommendation index system. At present, most soil nutrient speed testers have not established a perfect recommended fertilization index. Third, when there are only one or two soil samples, the soil nutrient speed meter can reflect “fastâ€; on the contrary, when the number of samples reaches a certain batch (more than 3), compared with the routine test of the laboratory, “speed measurement†It is a "slow test". Therefore, conventional soil nutrient testing is the best and most effective means to understand soil nutrients when conducting large-scale soil testing and fertilization. The promotion of soil speed measuring instruments should be cautious and should not be configured in large quantities.
Author: Gao Xiang, according to Ma Chang Po
First, a correct understanding
The soil testing formula fertilization technology is based on soil test results, field trials, crop fertilizer requirements, agricultural production requirements, etc. Based on the rational application of organic fertilizer, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, medium elements, trace elements and other fertilizers is proposed. A scientific fertilization method that is formulated and applied at an appropriate time using a suitable method. Correct understanding of the soil testing formula fertilization technology link has a positive effect on promoting soil testing and formula fertilization. The soil testing formula fertilization technology includes five core links of “measuring soil, formula, fertilizer, supply and fertilization guidance†and nine key contents.
(1) Field trials. The field experiment is the fundamental way to obtain the best fertilization amount, fertilization period and fertilization method for various crops, and also the basic link for screening and verifying soil nutrient testing technology and establishing fertilization index system. Through field trials, master the optimal fertilization amount, base and topdressing distribution ratio, fertilization period and fertilization method for each cropping unit; find out the basic parameters such as soil nutrient correction coefficient, soil fertilization amount, crop fertilizer requirement and fertilizer utilization rate; Construct a crop fertilization model to provide a basis for fertilization zones and fertilizer formulations.
(2) Soil testing. Soil testing is one of the important basis for formulating fertilizer formula. With the continuous adjustment of China's planting industry structure, high-yield crop varieties continue to emerge, the structure and quantity of fertilization have undergone great changes, and the soil nutrient pool has also undergone significant changes. Through the soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, medium and trace element nutrient test, to understand the soil fertility capacity.
(3) Formulation design. The fertilizer formula is the core of soil testing and formulating. By summarizing field trials, soil nutrient data, etc., the division of fertilization zones in different regions is divided. At the same time, according to the similarities and differences of climate, landform, soil and farming system, combined with expert experience, the fertilization formulas of different crops are proposed.
(4) Calibration test. In order to ensure the accuracy of fertilizer formula and minimize the risk of batch production and large-area application of formula fertilizer, in each fertilization division unit, three treatments of formula fertilization, farmer customary fertilization and blank fertilization are set up to The main plant variety is the research object, compare the yield increase effect of formula fertilization, verify the fertilization parameters, verify and improve the fertilizer application formula, and improve the technical parameters of soil testing formula fertilization.
(5) Formulation processing. The implementation of the formula into the farmer's field is the most critical link to improve and popularize the soil testing and fertilization technology. At present, there are different modes in different regions. The most important and most promising mode of operation is market operation, factory processing, and network operation. This model adapts to the current situation of low quality of science and technology, small scale of land management, and separation of technology among rural farmers in China.
(6) Demonstration and promotion. In order to promote the soil testing and formula fertilization technology can be implemented in the field, it is necessary to solve the problem of market-based operation of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, and let the farmers see the actual effect. This is the bottle that limits the application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. path". Establish a demonstration area for soil testing and fertilization, create a window for farmers, set up a model, and comprehensively demonstrate the effect of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. Promote the "one bag of fertilizer" model, turn the soil testing formula fertilization technology into products, and break the "hard ice" of technology promotion "last mile".
(7) Publicity and training. Soil testing and formula fertilization technology publicity and training is an important means to improve farmers' awareness of scientific fertilization and popularize technology. Farmers are the end users of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. It is urgent to teach farmers the methods and models of scientific fertilization. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the systematic training of technicians at all levels, fertilizer production enterprises and fertilizer distributors, and gradually establish technical personnel and fertilizers. Business license system.
(8) Effect evaluation. Farmers are the ultimate implementers and implementers of soil testing and fertilization techniques, and are the ultimate beneficiaries. Inspect the actual effect of soil testing and formula fertilization, obtain feedback information from farmers in a timely manner, and constantly improve the management system, technical system and service system. At the same time, in order to scientifically evaluate the actual effect of soil testing and formula fertilization, it is necessary to conduct a dynamic survey of certain areas.
(9) Technology research and development. Technical research and development is a scientific and technological support to ensure the long-term effectiveness of soil testing and formula fertilization. Focus on research and development of field test methods, soil nutrient testing techniques, fertilizer preparation methods, data processing methods, etc., and continuously improve the level of soil testing and fertilization technology.
Second, soil testing formula fertilization misunderstanding
Various localities have taken active actions in various ways to carry out soil testing and formulation work, which plays an important role in raising the understanding of soil testing and formula fertilization at all levels of society. However, incorrect understanding and work will also negatively affect the fertilization of soil testing formula. influences. At present, there are mainly “three major misunderstandings†in soil testing and formula fertilization in China.
(1) Misunderstandings of understanding. Soil testing and formula fertilization is different from the general “project†or “engineeringâ€. It is a long-term and basic work. It is directly related to the steady increase of grain production, the steady increase of farmers' income, and the continuous improvement of the ecological environment. jobs. Soil testing and formulating fertilization work is not just a simple technical work. It is a system consisting of a series of theories, methods, techniques, and promotion models. Only the various sectors of society actively participate in each other. Yes, we can really promote the development of soil testing and formulating. The agricultural technology promotion system should be responsible for the core of soil testing, formula and fertilization guidance, and establish a technology promotion platform; the soil testing and fertilizer testing station, fertilizer production enterprises, fertilizer sellers, etc. should do a good job in formula fertilizer production and supply services, and establish a good production. And marketing mechanism; research and teaching units should focus on solving restrictive technologies or problems, and constantly improve and improve soil testing and formula fertilization technology.
(2) Misunderstandings in the relationship between soil testing and fertilizer field trials. Soil testing and formula fertilization is not just a result of laboratory analysis, but a simple process of “taking medicine†can be done by opening a “squareâ€. Fertilizer field trials for different crops are the most direct and effective way to understand the effects of fertilizer application, crop growth and nutrient uptake, and the basis for conducting soil testing and fertilization, and the primary basis for formulating crop fertilization programs and recommendations. It is the prerequisite for establishing a crop fertilization zone. Fertilizer field trials are also the only basis for researching, screening, and evaluating soil nutrient testing methods and establishing fertilization index systems for different testing methods. Therefore, field trials are the basis for soil testing and fertilization, and must be highly valued. In addition, soil testing is not to determine the nutrient content of each plot of each farmer, but to select some representative plots within a certain range, determine nutrient content, give crop fertilization schemes, and other similar plot reference representatives. It is impossible and unnecessary to determine the soil nutrients of each plot of each farmer.
(3) Misunderstandings in the rapid measurement of soil nutrients. The soil nutrient rapid tester mainly refers to a portable instrument that can be brought to the field to quickly test soil nutrients. It is a good tool to publicize soil testing and fertilization to farmers and improve farmers' awareness of soil fertility, but generally cannot be scientific. And accurately guide farmers to fertilize. First, the soil nutrient rapid tester is operated in the field, and the external environmental conditions are difficult to control. The accuracy and accuracy of the test results of soil nutrients are difficult to guarantee. Second, the soil nutrient test results are a relative value. It is necessary to have a matching fertilizer field plot test to establish a fertilization recommendation index system. At present, most soil nutrient speed testers have not established a perfect recommended fertilization index. Third, when there are only one or two soil samples, the soil nutrient speed meter can reflect “fastâ€; on the contrary, when the number of samples reaches a certain batch (more than 3), compared with the routine test of the laboratory, “speed measurement†It is a "slow test". Therefore, conventional soil nutrient testing is the best and most effective means to understand soil nutrients when conducting large-scale soil testing and fertilization. The promotion of soil speed measuring instruments should be cautious and should not be configured in large quantities.
Author: Gao Xiang, according to Ma Chang Po
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